Psychological approaches to health practice Essay

Disclose diverse mental ways to deal with social consideration practice In this task I am going to take a gander at four distinctive mental methodologies and how they can be connected to wellbeing and social consideration circumstances, two of the methodologies will be connected to human services circumstances and the other two to social consideration circumstances. The main methodology that I am going to connection to a social consideration circumstance is the behaviorist point of view, where therapists clarify all human conduct as coming about because of experience. Two of the significant analysts connected with this methodology are Pavlov and Skinner and in spite of the fact that these two accepted that various procedures were included they concurred that conduct was the aftereffect of learning. I am going to focus on crafted by Skinner. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American clinician that worked fundamentally with pigeons and rodents to examine the significant standards of lea rning new practices. He was liable for an extremely renowned bit of gear, the Skinner box, which was a case that contained a switch that when squeezed discharged a food pellet. This container fortified switch squeezing conduct. When the rodent was put inside Skinners box it would sniff and move around and eventually push the switch and discharge the food pellet. At the point when the rodent has pushed the switch commonly it will discover that this conduct, pushing the switch, is trailed by the arrival of the food pellet, the outcome. As the rodent might want to have more food the pellet is experienced as fortifying and this builds the opportunity of the conduct being rehashed. Skinner likewise explored negative fortification by running a little electric flow on the floor of the container containing the rodent and on the off chance that the rodent pushed the switch, at that point the flow would be killed. This activity was negative fortification. A case of this is taking a painkiller to mitigate the indications of a migraine which brings about the cerebral pain leaving then you have been contrarily fortified for taking a painkiller. Skinner likewise explored that discipline happens when conduct is trailed by a result which is an upsetting encounter. He did this by having a case where the rodent got a little electric stun when it pushed the switch. The outcome of pushing the switch was upsetting, an electric stun, so the rodent learned not to push the switch. The standards of operant molding can be utilized to make increasingly accommodating practices and evacuate theâ unhelpful ones. The standards of support and discipline are an extremely ground-breaking approach to adjust a person’s conduct. This procedure is now and then known as conduct adjustment. My dad utilizes this methodology every day at fill in as he is a senior jail official at HMP Wayland to keep up request inside the system and my mom utilizes similar thoughts, for study hall the executives at Wayland Academy, consistently. In the two circumstances, great conduct is compensated and poor conduct is rebuffed yet in totally different manners. At Wayland Academy, where I have finished my first work situation, there is a conduct strategy called the Red Card Procedure and it is utilized in each study hall all through the school. The approach is a four phase strategy intended to advance great study hall conduct and understudies get ramifications for conduct that disturbs the learning of different understudies. The technique is: Stage 1 †Consequence 1 (C1) †The understudy gets a brief detainment for a first event of any conduct that upsets others learning. This conduct can incorporate getting out, pointlessly requesting the teacher’s time and utilizing foul language. Stage 2 †Consequence 2 (C2) †The understudy gets a brief confinement for a second event of any conduct that disturbs others learning. This implies the understudy currently has an aggregate of 20 minutes detainment with the class instructor. Stage 3 †Consequence 3 (Time out) †After the third event of problematic conduct the understudy is sent outside the homeroom and the educator goes out and addresses them secretly clarifying that they have arrived at their last possibility of staying in the exercise. On the off chance that their conduct isn't improved after this they will be expelled from the rest of the exercise and have an hour long after school detainment the next week. Stage 4 †Consequence 4 (Red Ca rd) †If another case of troublesome conduct currently happens the understudy is expelled from the rest of the exercise and gets an hour long after school detainment. The Red Card Procedure chips away at a similar premise as Skinners hypothesis that discipline happens when conduct is trailed by a result that is terrible. In the event that the understudy shows troublesome conduct, at that point they are rebuffed by the expulsion of their leisure time, as detainment, and it is trusted that this discipline will show the understudy to stop the problematic conduct. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. what's more, Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited †Pages 339-340 The second methodology that I am going to connection to a social consideration circumstance is the psychological viewpoint where therapists accept the mind resembled a PC framework and much work has gone in to understanding the subjective procedures of consideration, memory, observation, data handling, thought, critical thinking and language. One of the two principle clinicians inside this methodology , that I am going to discuss, is George Kelly. He built up an exceptionally one of a kind mental hypothesis known as the Psychology of Personal Construct where he considered the to be as an experimenter, making their expectations about the future, testing them and on the off chance that they have to they reexamine them as indicated by new proof. For instance on the off chance that an individual gets hard of hearing in their middle age, at that point almost certainly, they pull back from society and become confined. Then again on the off chance that they decipher it as a test, at that point they may attempt to discover new and energizing approaches to work around the deafness and proceed with a satisfying life. People with learning troubles may encounter disappointment inside their day by day lives as they try to comprehend befuddling encounters. The subjective methodology can assist people with learning challenges in misconstrued circumstances, by recognizing silly considerations, an individual can be a manual for transform them, with resulting benefits on their feelings and conduct. This work can improve an individual’s confidence and lessen upheavals which might be brought about by an absence of comprehension of the prerequisites that are required for a circumstance. While I was on arrangement at Wayland Academy, I worked with the Year 7 Gold Group, which is a support gathering. The people in this support bunch all have certain learning challenges . The gathering is constrained to a limit of 15 understudies so the staff include enough time inside an exercise to go around and assist everybody with understanding the exercise goals and prevent them from getting disappointed. For instance, one of the understudies inside the study hall has Aspergers Syndrome which is a type of mental imbalance however it varies from different conditions on the chemical imbalance range by its general safeguarding of etymological and intellectual turn of events. The educator and study hall right hand have certain techniques to permit this understudy to get to learning. While they are sitting and working with him they are constantly pulling together his consideration on to the necessary undertaking, and this may include moving the work into his eyeline in the event that he has gotten occupied. Another methodology is to rehash and revamp the givenâ task until the understudy has seen completely. The instructor and the study hall partner knows when the understudy has comprehended in light of the fact that when he has comprehended he reacts to them in full sentences and when he is as yet battling he just offers single word responses. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. what's more, Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited †Pages 350-351 and 359-361 http://www.patient.co.uk/specialist/Asperger’s-Syndrome.htm Presently I am going to proceed onward and see medicinal services circumstances and the primary mental methodology I am going to take a gander at is the humanistic viewpoint. Humanistic brain research takes a gander at the human experience from an individual’s perspective and utilizations unrestrained choice and that everybody is allowed to settle on decisions. One of the two therapists I am going to discuss is Carl Rodgers and was keen all in all thought idea of self. Self-idea takes a gander at the way every individual perspectives themselves, this incorporates natural and physical qualities. Self-idea is seen at a youthful age, when kids disguise different individual’s decisions about them and think it is valid. For instance on the off chance that a kid gets called wicked or senseless all through their adolescence, at that point their self-idea will contain these perspectives and potentially shape their future in a negative manner. Then again on the off chance that a youngster is adulated and urged to succeed, at that point they will have a positive self-idea and will attempt better at what they do on the grounds that they begin to consider themselves to be advantageous. Carl Rodgers is well known for shaping a specific kind of advising which depends on genuine positive respect from the guide, to help out the patient addition a progressively positive feeling of self. Unqualified positive respect alludes to the possibility that the guide bolsters and approves the individual’s encounters, sentiments, convictions and feelings genuinely, regardless of whether fortunate or unfortunate. After some time this enables the patient to acknowledge themselves and ponder what their identity is. One of the highlights of this way to deal with helping other people is to create compassion. Compassion is something contrary to compassion where you would feel frustrated about an individual sympathy us to truly tune in to the individual and be in line with their feelings, and regard them for who they are This isn't generally eas

Labor law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Work law - Essay Example Consequently, managers increased a devoted â€Å"internal work market† of semi-prepared specialists that would set aside businesses cash required to enlist, and train. Past the understood agreement, associations were additionally fruitful in securing against end, requiring â€Å"just cause† rather than the more present manager adaptability of â€Å"at will† employment1. The introducing of the boundaryless working environment has destroyed a great part of the New Deal work structure, and has put a premium on singular aptitudes and information. Representatives have become free operators in the workforce, requiring such abilities to vie for winning wages with no certain or unequivocal assurance of employer stability. The most grounded insurance laborers presently have is instruction and preparing. Stone likewise takes note of that those hurt the most by this flimsiness are hands on and undeveloped workers2. While the absence of security is wild in itself, Stone contends that the present work structure doesn't have answers for a considerable lot of issues that the changing economy present. Utilizing Stone’s technique for chronicling authentic changes in the business work relationship, the pattern towards an increasingly adaptable and boundaryless workforces has attempted to improve open doors for ladies and minorities. Simultaneously, notwithstanding, she accepts that, †the new work relationship makes separation difficult to recognize and hard to challenge3.† Successful endeavors have been made to forestall clear segregation, for example, Title VII, of the milestone 1964 Civil Rights law, the Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1962, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act4. This enactment is compelling in permitting ladies and minorities to access the purposes of passage into an inner work advertise, be that as it may, because of the separation of inward work showcases, these demonstrations don't address increasingly current types of segregation. Present day types of segregation have become

Educational Jokes - Students Jokes - Clean Jokes

Educational Jokes - Students Jokes - Clean Jokes Enjoy these beautiful, really funny educational jokes! Dont forget to check out those really funny ones in the comments too ??Physics Teacher: Isaac Newton was sitting under a tree when an apple fell on his head and he discovered gravity. Isnt that wonderful?Student: Yes sir, if he had been sitting in class looking at books like us, he wouldnt have discovered anything. ?? ?? Two factory workers talking:Woman: I can make the boss give me the day off. Man: And how would you do that? Woman: Just wait and see. She then hangs upside-down from the ceiling.Boss comes in: What are you doing? Woman: Im a light bulb. Boss: Youve been working so much that youve gone crazy. I think you need to take the day off.The man starts to follow her and the boss says: Where are you going? The man says: Im going home, too. I cant work in the dark.?? ??A man talking to God:The man: God, how long is a million years? God: To me, its about a minute. The man: God, how much is a million dollars? God: To me its a penny. The man: God, may I have a penny? God: Wait a minute. A little girl came home from school and said to her mother, Mommy, today in school I was punished for something that I didnt do.The mother exclaimed, But thats terrible! Im going to have a talk with your teacher about this by the way, what was it that you didnt do?The little girl replied, My homework.?? ?? The students were lined up in the cafeteria for lunch. At the head of the table was a large pile of apples. The nun made a note, and posted on the apple tray: Take only ONE. God is watching.Moving further along the lunch line, at the other end of the table was a large pile of chocolate chip cookies. A child had written a note, Take all you want. God is watching the apples.?? ??Teacher: Why are you late, Joseph? Joseph: Because of a sign down the road. Teacher: What does a sign have to do with you being late? Joseph: The sign said, School Ahead, Go Slow!' The teacher of the earth science class was lecturing on map r eading.After explaining about latitude, longitude, degrees and minutes the teacher asked, Suppose I asked you to meet me for lunch at 23 degrees, 4 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees, 15 minutes east longitude?After a confused silence, a voice volunteered, I guess youd be eating alone.?? ??Isnt the principal a dummy! said a boy to a girl. Well, do you know who I am? asked the girl. No. replied the boy. Im the principals daughter. said the girl. And do you know who I am? asked the boy. No. she replied. Thank goodness! said the boy with a sign of relief.??Teacher asked George: How can you prove the earth is round? George replied: I cant. Besides, I never said it was.Teacher: Here is a math problem. If your dad earned $300 dollars a week and he gave your mother half, what should he have? Student: A heart attack.??Teacher: This essay on your dog is, word for word, the same as your brothers. Student: Yes, sir, it is the same dog.??Teacher: If you had one dollar and you asked y our father for another, how many dollars would you have? Vincent: One dollar. Teacher: You dont know your arithmetic. Vincent: You dont know my father.Sylvia: Dad, can you write in the dark? Dad: I think so. What do you want me to write? Sylvia: Your name on this report card.??Mother: Why did you get such a low mark on that test? Junior: Because of absence. Mother: You mean you were absent on the day of the test? Junior: No, but the kid who sits next to me was.??Teacher: John, why are you doing your math multiplication on the floor? John: You told me to do it without using tables.Teacher: Winnie, name one important thing we have today that we didnt have ten years ago. Winnie: Me.??Teacher: George Washington not only chopped down his fathers cherry tree, but also admitted it. Now, Louie, do you know why his father didnt punish him?Louie: Because George still had the axe in his hand.??

Analysis of the Pepsis and Bacardi Limons Advertisement Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The separation of the man at the bar from the rest of the party goers who are reflected in the mirror also heightens this experience, as if the man is alone at one end and is dreaming of the events occurring in another dimension, i.e, beyond the glass. One significant detail is the bunch of lemons that are reflected below the bar, adding the only splash of bright yellow color in the room, a color reflected on the Bacardi limon bottle, adding to and amplifying its message of freshness and magic. The tone of the first advertisement is one that is centered about fun and outdoor happiness. It is the simple enjoyment of a natural, daytime, outdoor setting, with drinks, good food and games to add joy to the occasion. The advertisement conjures up the tone of a homely, healthy barbeque outing. The second advertisement is in an indoor, night time setting and the tone of the advertisement is sensual. It projects an atmosphere of glamour and sexual liberation, a party that is akin to some other-worldly experience, with sexy women and dim, subdued lighting. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Pepsis and Bacardi Limons Advertisement or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The reflection of one glamorous woman within the frame of the man’s glass is a masterful touch. The background of the first advertisement is a park, the lawns are green and cars can be seen, parked in the background. The clear sky shows that it’s early in the evening and there are lots of lush green trees, providing ample shade for the cars parked under them. The background in the second advertisement is the large hall/room where the party is taking place, the scene of which is reflected in the mirror. It shows a large number of glamorous men and women, dressed stylishly and conversing as they hold drinks in their hands. Both the advertisements have made excellent use of copy to convey a message about the products advertised. For instance in the first advertisement, the tree in the foreground advertises the product within a heart shaped carving which reads â€Å"Pepsi and BBQ†, implying the mutual love between the two, and suggesting that couples in love would enjoy Pepsi in a special way. The ball shaped Pepsi icon floats in the air near one corner of the advertisement and reads â€Å"It’s the Cola†. These words imply that it’s the drink that adds joy and cheer to the picnic occasion and characterizes it as a universal drink suitable for fun occasions. The second advertisement relies on three simple, alliterating M words – Mischievous, Mixable, Magical. Each of these words symbolize the quality of the product which is reiterated in the ad.

The Tattoo Process and Significance Of Tattoos Essay

Significance of Tattoos In the past, tattoos were commonly thought of as trashy or bad. One would often relate them to bikers, rock and heavy metal stars, pirates, or gangsters. That has considerably changed over the years. According to Swan, In 2003 approximately 40 million Americans reported to have at least one tattoo. Todays culture is still fascinated with tattooing. In the 1990s, tattoos were the sixth fastest growing retail behind the Internet, paging services, computer and cell phone services. 28% of adult’s ages 30-39 were tattooed and that number rose to 36 percent in the 25-29 age group. 31% of the gay, lesbian and bisexual population, regardless of age, was inked as well. Tattoos are significant because they†¦show more content†¦The first coil machine was invented by Thomas Riley in London, 1891 using a single coil. The first twin coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by Alfred Charles, in 1899.The birthplace of the American style tattoo was Chat ham Square in New York City. Tattooing had little respect in American culture. Design boom. (2007). A Brief History of Tattoos. Retrieved January 14, 2008, from http://www.designboom.com/history/tattoo_history.html In the late 1960s, the attitude towards tattooing changed. Much credit can be given to Lyle Tuttle. He is charming and interesting and knows how to use the media. He tattooed celebrities, mostly women. Magazines and television went to Lyle to get information about this ancient art form. Lyle Tuttle (born 1931) is a well-known American tattoo artist and historian of the medium, who has been tattooing since 1949. He was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine, after having tattooed Janis Joplin and several other notable musicians and celebrities of the time. Lyle Tuttle. (2007, June 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 14, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyle_Tuttleoldid=140156691 When deciding what type of tattoo to get, a person may want to go into the shop and look around first to make sure that it is clean and safe. Make sure that they use sterilized equipment. Then one can look at his or her â€Å"flash† tattoos. These areShow MoreRelatedVce Language Analysis Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesTattoos have recently become increasingly popular in youth, due to the hidden meanings and symbolism that they are endowed with. Helen Day’s opinionative blog entry, The Power of Ink, asserts that the significance of tattoos have diminished due to the fashionable aesthetics that tattoos project. A highly casual, yet acknowledging tone characterises her blog entry, which is predominantly catered to young Australian readers who are interested in receiving a tattoo. 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E-Business and E-Commerce Free Essays

INTRODUCTION E-Business is important in future perspectives considering that the amount of trade conducted electronically have grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. E-bussiness uses the internet and other networks as well as a variety of Internet technologies to support e-commerce and business processes. It includes e-commerce, which is the buying and selling of products or services over the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Business and E-Commerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet and related technologies have changed the way businesses are operated and people work. I. E-BUSINESS A. What is it Many businesses today are using Internet technologies to conduct business processes over the Internet. E-business can be defined as the use of the Internet and other networks, as well as Internet technologies to work and facilitate business processes, electronic commerce and enterprise collaboration within a company and with its customers, suppliers and business partners. Generally, any online exchange of information, money, resources and services is a part of e-business. B. E-business infrastructure E-business infrastructure made up of a variety of components. It includes hardware, softwares, support services, human capital and telecommunication networks. Examples of hardware are computers, servers and routers. Human capital, such as information system specialists and programmers, is important to operate e-business processes. In addition, many companies use networks such as intranet that is a private network inside a company for managers and employees, and extranet, which links a company with its customers, suppliers and business partners outside the company. Other companies use a virtual private network (VPN) which provides a private line through the internet. It uses the public Internet backbone as a channel for private data communication (3:20). Thus, a VPN allows remote offices, business partners and customers to use the Internet, rather than expensive private lines, to reach company networks by using tunneling software. This software encrypts data and then sends the data to their destination. II. E-COMMERCE A. What is it E-commerce is the buying, selling, marketing and servicing of products, services and information over the Internet and other networks. Many businesses use the Internet, intranet and extranet to support the commercial processes including advertising, sales, customer support and Internet security. Most advertisements on the Web are in the form of sending e-mails and banner ads, which is in shape of a long horizontal rectangle on the top of the Web page (3:10). These advertisements could attract a huge number of visitors to the advertised Web site. E-commerce website must help customers to welcome and serve them personally and efficiently in order to increase customer loyalty. B. E-commerce advantages and disadvantages E commerce has several advantages. For sellers, e-commerce is an effective way to reduce costs and enlarge their markets. They cut additional labor cost and they do not need to print and distribute mail order catalogs. In addition, e -commerce allows customers to compare prices at different websites. Then, they make purchases at their homes at any time. E-commerce websites offer variety of products for example electronic books, music files and computer softwares. However, e-commerce has some disadvantages. Consumers are not willing to buy some products over the Internet because of security and quality concerns. Online furniture businesses, for example, have failed because customers want to test the comfort of an expensive item such as sofa before they purchase it (1:1). How to cite E-Business and E-Commerce, Essay examples

Happy, Productive Employees Essay Example For Students

Happy, Productive Employees Essay Happy Employee are Productive EmployeesA just-released longitudinal study adding to the growing body of scientific evidence on employee productivity confirms that depression is common in the workplace and detrimental to employee performance. These findings are reported in the May issue of The American Journal of Psychiatry, the monthly scientific journal of the American Psychiatric Association. The study found that absenteeism due to health problems was twice as high for employees with depressive symptoms compared to those without depressive symptoms. The study also revealed that the likelihood of decreased performance on the job is seven times higher for depressed employees. The longitudinal study of more than 6,000 employees at three corporations took a close look at the relationship between depression, satisfaction with health care and employee productivity. The study also found that employees who complained about their health care including problems with access, communications, choice and continuity of care were also more likely to be depressed and work less productively. According to Lloyd Sederer, M.D., Director of the Division of Clinical Services for the American Psychiatric Association, The message is clear: there is both medical and financial value in better detection and effective treatment for depression in the workplace.the enddddddb dddd dddd dddd ddddd dddd dddd ddd dddddddd ddd ddd dd ddd ddddd ddd ddd dddd dddddddddd ddddd ddddd dddd ddd dddd dd ddd dddd ddd d ddd dd d ddd ddd dd dd dd dd ddd ddddddddd ddd ddddd dddd dddd ddd dddd ddddd ddd dd dddd dddd d d ddddddd dd ddd dddd dddd ddddddd dddd ddd ddddd d ddd dd dddd dddddd ddd ddd dddd dd dddddd ddd ddd dddd d ddd dddd ddd ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddWords/ Pages : 294 / 24

Blue Ocean Strategy in Air Asia Essay Example

Blue Ocean Strategy in Air Asia Essay Example Blue Ocean Strategy in Air Asia Paper Blue Ocean Strategy in Air Asia Paper Literature Review Most of the companies must have a strategy for competing in the markets in which they offer products or services. The strategy will either be implicit or explicit, and the extent to which a company is successful compared with its competitors relies on the creation of competitive advantage through the activities that it performs to design, market, deliver and support its product or service. They develop strategy at an overall company level, within customer sectors and for regions, functions and locations. The process is intended to be an iterative one and one that remains alive and is continuously updated and adjusted to suit the changing competitive and economic landscape. Few companies in the world have managed to survive, let alone prosper, over long periods of time. AirAsia approaches to prevent this occurring and to generate continued growth is to frequently re-assess its strategy so that they build strong businesses in the attractive industries of the future Company overview Air Asia Berhad AirAsia’s leading airline was established with the dream that everyone can fly. Since 2001, the company has swiftly broken travel norms around the globe. It has risen to become the world’s best. With a route network that spans through more than 20 countries. AirAsia continues to pave the way for low-cost aviation through innovative solutions, efficient processes and a passionate approach to business. According to Mr Tony Fernandes, they are in a huge market and they are only 5 yrs old company. Southwest Airlines has 400 planes in a market of 350 million people. AirAsia in a market that’s double, triple that. Because of that AirAsia has a lot of potential to grow, but grow sensibly and grow at the right pace. AirAsia have been aggressive on branding. They also put a lot of money into sports branding such as Manchester United. Many Asian companies don’t value branding as much because they don’t see it in the bottom line straight away. It’s something that even Mr Tony have to explain to his board time and time again, that the fruits of branding are over five years. But he thinks it’s been very key in AirAsia growth and they’ll continue to invest in it. BlueOcean Strategies To compete with Malaysian Airline System (MAS) before the acquisition of MAS shares and regional airline, Air Asia have managed to avoid the red ocean by looking into the factors that industry take for granted and also factors that important to customers. With the Four Actions Framework proposed by Blue Ocean Strategy authors, Air Asia have implemented many strategic moves to ensure they are making Malaysia Airline and regional airline company irrelevant. AirAsia Strategy By referring to the strategies picture we can summarize as below: EliminateThe company have eliminate over the counter booking system. AirAsia also eliminate free Food/Beverage on the plane. This help AirAsia save cost. They also eliminate Seating Class booking system. Reduceâ€Å"luxury† facilities provided by Airport Lounge. No of attendance service on the plane. Reduce the seat quality. Raise Focus on several key destination Increase frequency of flight CreateOnline Booking system Point to point travel sy stem With this strategic move, Air Asia able to focus on factors that really bring value to the customers such as point to point travel system, easy booking system etc. This will help Air Asia to reduce cost and at the same time increase the value to the customers Value Innovation. SWOT Analysis of AirAsia. StrengthsLocally and Internationally Recognized Constant Innovations Keep a Strong Hold on the Industry Successful company Brand is all important WeaknessesDependence on innovation of its products Reports on faulty /delay items Confusion among consumers OpportunitiesOpportunities in the International Market Possibility of product expansion ThreatsUnpredictable Market High level of competition in Asean region A. Strengths 1. Locally and Internationally Recognized AirAsia is undoubtedly become one of the most recognizable brand names in the airline industry in Malaysia. It has engaged in a marketing strategy all of which the Malaysia market has been made aware. The organization also has been successful in creating its name in the international brand. 2. Constant Innovations AirAsia with its first-rate management of its innovation time line is among the key causes following the firm’s accomplishment in creating consistent soaring levels of same store sales. With constant innovation that make the Malaysian people can fly with lower cost. 3. Keep a Strong Hold on the Industry The company is an established name in the Airline industry. It has built a reputation of excellence that new entrants in the industry strive for. With this standard of rigorous marketing strategies AirAsia will continue to exist in the coming years. 4. Successful company The passenger had increased to 14,253,244 in 2009. In Malaysia the favorable brand right now is AirAsia. Sales of its airline ticket had increased in 2009. A sale of its ticket is also very strong, and this represents a huge contribution to income for AirAsia. 5. Brand is all-important AirAsia established and healthy brands. With promoting Manchester United football club has made the world knows who is AirAsia. B. Weaknesses 1. Dependence on innovation of its products In this industry AirAsia is dependence of its innovations. Bear in mind, the near most competitor is close to Malaysia. If the company make a wrong move in its product strategies than customer will go to others that offer more innovative product. 2. Reports of customer complaint Although AirAsia is giving low price of airline ticket but customer complaint to the company is compiling day by day. With flight delays and the complaint are arising and the company needs to tackle to such problem. 4. Confusion among Customers When AirAsia putting flight promotions in the newspaper advertisement, they will be using red color. However, recently Malaysian Airline System – MAS (before the shares acquisition) also using red color in the newspaper advertisement. This in the first place will confuse the customer on which is AirAsia and MAS. C. Opportunities 1. Opportunities in the International Market With rigorous product marketing by the company, AirAsia have high opportunities in the International Market areas. AirAsia have dedicated to continue with cost-efficiency and expansion. 2. Possibility of product expansion To the customer, AirAsia has become a strong brand. AirAsia will not just be number one in size it has become number one in the minds of customers. This is the passion of AirAsia and this has currently become possible as many has switch from flying with MAS and turn to AirAsia. D. Threats 1. Unpredictable Market The market that AirAsia is operating on is also dependent on the situation of the country within. If the people have the ability to fly than the company will survive and gain profit. However if the situation is vice versa than the company will have a problem to sustain it cost and operations 2. High competition in the Asian region. In the region we have other airline that can offer competitive offering to customers. Malaysian Airline System is the nearest one. With the introduction of Fireflyz, MAS is offering similar with AirAsia in terms of low cost flight. Garuda Airways and Thai Airways also can give a good competition with AirAsia. Being successful attracts competition, and AirAsia is working very hard on in order to retain its competitive position. Porter’s Five Force Analysis 1. Industry Rivalry- Moderate With the acquisition of stock in Malaysian Airline System the closest high rivalry has become moderate. 2. Buyers Power – High Customer does not have many options to choose from. The demand for new and updated features and also the markets are increasing 3. Threat of Suppliers- Low ?Hardware and airplane component can easily get. 4. Threat of Entry- Low ?Huge capital requirements ?Strong market strategy required 5. Threat of Substitutes- Low ?Currently the company has become the optional company that people will hop in to fly due to low cost. Porter’s Five Force Apple’s Competitor Analysis We can see if a new player or a new competitor, they must engage head on with AirAisa. To date AirAsia still maintain it low cost flight and it is a though scenario to put lower price compare to AisAsia to attract new customer. ?People will still buy and fly with AirAsia as the company flight ticket is lowest in Malaysia. With this scenario the buyer power to AirAsia is very high. ?Aircraft maintenance part and services can easily get and this would not be a troublesome to the company because the aircraft parts and the expertise such aircraft engineer is easily can be found in Malaysia Conclusion AirAsia focus on really understanding consumer needs and problems. By increasing our consumer insight, they are able to develop new products that solve these needs and problems. To date over half of AirAsia sales are via internet booking and it is steadily rising. To AirAsia philosophy is very clear, before a business can grow, it needs to have its costs under control. It must be cost-efficient and profitable, and it must create value. The company need to do a continues task and this they had to face head on year on year; it is the critical ingredient to operate a successful business. According to AirAsia cost-efficiency, low complexity and profitability are always the cornerstones of building a strong business. While a strong foundation does not guarantee a solid house, it is the only basis upon which to build. Truly AirAsia has become a company that implement the Blue ocean strategy. Reference: 1) airasia. com. my 2) blueoceanstrategy. com/ 3)http://blueoceanstrategy. org/ 4)Ireland R. D. , Hoskisson E. R. Hitt A. M. , (2011) Chapter 7, Strategic Acquisition Restructuring, p. 169, The Management Of Strategy, Concepts Cases, (9th International Edition) South-Western, Canada.

Max Born and the Discovery of the Born Rule

Max Born and the Discovery of the Born Rule Max Born (December 11, 1882–January 5, 1970) was a German physicist who played an important role in the development of quantum mechanics. He is known for the â€Å"Born rule,† which provided a statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics and enabled researchers in the field to predict results with specific probabilities. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics. Fast Facts: Max Born Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Discovery of the Born rule, a statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.Born: December 11, 1882 in Breslau, PolandDied: January 5, 1970 in Gà ¶ttingen, GermanySpouse: Hedwig EhrenbergChildren: Irene, Margarethe, GustavFun Fact: The singer and actress Olivia Newton-John, who starred in the 1978 musical film Grease with John Travolta, is the granddaughter of Max Born. Early Life Max Born was born on December 11, 1882 in Breslau (now Wroclaw) Poland. His parents were Gustav Born, an embryologist at the University of Breslau, and Margarete (Gretchen) Kaufmann, whose family worked in textiles. Born had a younger sister named Kthe. At a young age, Born attended school at the Kà ¶nig Wilhelms Gymnasium in Breslau, studying Latin, Greek, German, history, languages, math, and physics. There, Born may have been inspired by his math teacher, Dr. Maschke, who showed the students how wireless telegraphy worked. Born’s parents died at an early age: his mother when Born was 4, and his father shortly before Born finished school at the Gymnasium. College and Early Career Afterwards, Born took courses on a variety of science, philosophy, logic, and math subjects at Breslau University from 1901–1902, following his father’s advice to not specialize in a subject too soon at college. He also attended the Universities of Heidelberg, Zà ¼rich, and Gà ¶ttingen. Peers at Breslau University had told Born about three mathematics professors at Gà ¶ttingen – Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Hermann Minkowski. Born went out of favor with Klein due to his irregular attendance at classes, though he subsequently impressed Klein by solving a problem on elastic stability at a seminar without reading the literature. Klein then invited Born to enter a university prize competition with the same problem in mind. Born, however, did not initially take part, offending Klein again. Born changed his mind and later entered, winning the University of Breslau’s Philosophy Faculty Prize for his work on elasticity and obtaining a PhD in mathematics on the subject in 1906 under his doctoral advisor Carl Runge. Born subsequently went to Cambridge University for about six months, attending lectures by J. J. Thomson and Joseph Larmor. He went back to Gà ¶ttingen to collaborate with the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who died after a few weeks due to an operation for appendicitis. In 1915, Born was offered a professor position at the University of Berlin. However, the opportunity coincided with the beginning of World War I. Born joined the German air force and worked on sound ranging. In 1919, after World War I, Born became a professor at the University of Frankfurt-am-Main. Discoveries in Quantum Mechanics In 1921, Born returned to the University of Gà ¶ttingen as a professor, a post he held for 12 years. At Gà ¶ttingen, Born worked on the thermodynamics of crystals, then became primarily interested in quantum mechanics. He collaborated with Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, and a number of other physicists who would also make groundbreaking advances in quantum mechanics. These contributions would help lay out the foundation of quantum mechanics, particularly its mathematical treatment. Born saw that some of Heisenberg’s calculus was equivalent to matrix algebra, a formalism that is used extensively in quantum mechanics today. Furthermore, Born considered the interpretation of Schrà ¶dinger’s wavefunction, an important equation for quantum mechanics, which had been discovered in 1926. Though Schrà ¶dinger had provided a way to describe how the wavefunction describing a system changed over time, it was unclear exactly what the wavefunction corresponded to. Born concluded that the square of the wavefunction could be interpreted as a probability distribution that would predict the result given by a quantum mechanical system when it was measured. Though Born first applied this discovery, now known as the Born rule, to help explain how waves scattered, it was later applied to many other phenomena. Born was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on the Born rule. In 1933, Born was forced to emigrate due to the rise of the Nazi party, which caused his professorship to be suspended. He became a lecturer at Cambridge University, where he worked with Infeld on electrodynamics. From 1935–1936, he stayed in Bangalore, India at the Indian Institute of Science and worked with Sir C.V. Raman, a researcher who won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1936, Born became a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, staying there for 17 years until his retirement in 1953. Awards and Honors Born won a number of awards during his lifetime, including: 1939 – Fellowship of the Royal Society1945 – Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize, from the Royal Society of Edinburgh1948 – Max Planck Medal, from the German Physical Society1950 – Hughes Medal, from the Royal Society of London1954 – Nobel Prize in Physics1959 – Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit, from the German Federal Republic Born was also made an honorary member of several academies, including the Russian, Indian, and Royal Irish academies. After Born’s death, the German Physical Society and the British Institute of Physics created the Max Born Prize, which is awarded annually. Death and Legacy After retiring, Born settled in Bad Pyrmont, a spa resort near Gà ¶ttingen. He died on January 5, 1970 at a hospital in Gà ¶ttingen. He was 87 years old. Born’s statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics was groundbreaking. Thanks to Born’s discovery, researchers can predict the result of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. Today, the Born rule is considered one of the key principles of quantum mechanics. Sources Kemmer, N., and Schlapp, R. â€Å"Max Born, 1882-1970.†Landsman, N.P. â€Å"The Born Rule and Its Interpretation.†O’Connor, J.J., and Robertson, E.F. â€Å"Max Born.†

Individual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual analysis - Essay Example In addition, role fulfillment among each member will aid in attaining his or her essential goals. Based on my experience while working on the assigned tasks, I learnt there are principles of membership dynamics that are essential in a group work. For instance, I realized that every participant is equally responsible for the entire group’s success and good interaction amongst members. Therefore, each participant ought to ensure there is good communication amongst all the members. This is by availing required responses, participating in decision making as well as making discussion times livelier. Hence, ensuring there is no participant who lags behind due to his or her poor academic performance limitations (Weimer, 2013). In addition, group work can be extremely emotional especially if participants emanate from different races, ethnic backgrounds or religions. Therefore, leaders who are not in control of their emotions and choice of words end up being a stumbling block to the gr oup’s enthusiasm especially if they are not apologetic (Weimer, 2013). During group work, I learnt that a leader ought to emphasize on the importance of meeting as well as setting deadlines without any excuses amongst its members. This norm will always keep participants successful in every task they tackle. Besides, I believe when every member in a group feels psychologically safe and does not look down upon him or herself, their participation levels gradually increases. However, in many social settings such as group works, members have little concern about psychological safety of all their fellow participants. This influences their participation negatively because some may start feeling inferior; hence fail to participate in discussion as necessitated. Therefore, every member bears the responsibility of ensuring his or her fellow participants feel psychologically secure throughout the discussion period (Weimer, 2013). For instance, participants should avoid ridicule or sarca sm towards their peers because this may negatively affect their confidence and desire to participate in the group. During group work, I learnt each member ought to have a self-driven purpose in producing both good and quality work in every task they undertake. I also believe participants ought to foster good relationships amongst themselves and beyond to achieve proper results. Hence, aid in developing both trust and dependability among themselves by making discussions very interesting. Leadership is a process through which an individual, organization or group positively influences other people to achieve already set objectives (Northouse, 2011). In addition, it directs an organization or company in a cohesive and coherent manner towards achieving their goals (Northouse, 2011). For one to be a leader, he or she acquires power through four varied ways, which include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and reverend (Northouse, 2011). Effective leaders understand risks and benefits, w hich each type of power embodies and try to use them appropriately to attain firm’s set goals. In many circumstances, leaders do not have any great influence on the success of a certain group but the will of the followers automatically leads to positive success in any situation. Many leaders acquire leadership skills and knowledge from schools or other settings (Rojas & Alvarez, 2012). However, these

Property law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property law - Essay Example Therefore, for purposes of this brief essay, this author will attempt to engage and analyze the level to which property rights play a defined and equitable part of our current society as well as seeking to define and comment on the issues associated with the recent problems regarding the understanding of â€Å"eminent domain†. The United States was founded upon a free market economy which has doubtless served to make it the wealthiest nation on earth. Whether or not one can completely agree with the way in which capitalism works, it is inarguable that the benefits of such a system have worked to raise a standard of living and overall economic power within the United States that is not represented elsewhere in the global system. Naturally, one of the prime determinants of this success is the strong belief in and adherence to the concept of â€Å"personal property†. After breaking away from the British Empire, the colonies sought to differentiate themselves from the exces ses that the British had visited upon them. One of the main reasons in the Declaration of Independence was the fact that the British Crown could commandeer and control any colonial asset in the name of the King for any reason at any time. This served as a very strong sore spot within the colonial shareholders and was no doubt a prime reason why the rebellion began as well as a prime reason that each of the states as well as the loosely confederated government above them sought to rigidly define property rights in terms that would be most beneficial to the owner. Fundamental changes to property rights began to be effected in and around the dawn of the 20th century as jurisdictions began to tax these properties as a way to generate revenue for the requisite entity in question. Although opposed by many, this form of tax became more or less standardized throughout the United States by the middle of the century. Although not all citizens appreciated this new trend, the taxes went to supp ort the economic development of an increasingly advanced society. To such an end, the revenues from taxable land have been primarily used for infrastructure improvement, support and development of key community services (to include fire, police and EMS), and providing useful shareholder investment into a region’s educational development. Some have argued that the existence of such a form of taxation necessarily reduces the overall level of ownership that the individual is able to enjoy. However, it is the belief of this author that taxation of land and other real investments, although taking a degree of ultimate ownership away from the individual, serves an extraordinarily important role in seeking to develop key infrastructure assets that necessarily add to the net value of the property in question. Lastly, the right of â€Å"eminent domain† is an issue that has dominated many news headlines of late. Broken down to its purest form, â€Å"eminent domain† refers to a subset of property laws that state that if requisition by a given public entity is in the best benefits of a broader group then such can be accomplished with or without the agreement of the ultimate property owner providing that notice is given (Blake 12). This is naturally a bit of a deviation from the original understanding and intention of personal property; however, such an interpretation is needed in extreme cases where infrastructure improvements hinge upon the sacrifices of a few key shareholders. Like any

Other Personality Traits That Affect Managerial Behaviour Sociology Essay

Other Personality Traits That Affect Managerial Behaviour Sociology Essay Leadership is the action of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do this Oxford Dictionary. A person exerts influence over other people, which inspires, motivates and directs their activities to help achieve common performance goals (Yukl, 1989 as cited in George Jones, 2006). The person who exerts such influence is a leader. With the influence they exert, effective leaders help groups and organisations to achieve a goal. Effective leadership also increases an organisations ability to meet all the contemporary challenges such as obtain a competitive advantage, the need to promote acceptable ethical behaviour and is essential to manage a diverse workforce fairly and impartially. As a result, this will raise the organisations chances of success (George Jones, 2006). Nowadays due to the exceptionally challenging era, leadership can be very demanding because of the pace of change, the illusion of control and the high expectations of followers (Arnold Rendall, 2010).A leader can adopt his own personal qualities, behaviours styles and decisions to develop his own leadership style (Arnold Rendall, 2010). Early leader-focused approaches to leadership have 2 main features: a description of the leader in terms of their characteristics and/or behaviour and the investigation and analysis and of the characteristics and or behaviours of what makes a good leaders regardless of what they lead (Arnold Rendall, 2010). Early leadership was more focused on finding the best characteristics that makes a person a leader or effective leader. Early work such as the work of House and Baetz (1979) came up with what characteristics that leaders tend to have at a higher degree than non-leaders. These characteristics include intelligence, dominance/need for power, self-confidence and knowledge of the task. (House Baetz , 1979). Bass (1990) also included other personality traits such as good adjustment, emotional balance and high integrity which were found to be common traits amongst leaders. (Bass, 1990) This early research did yield some interesting results but researchers did not find a constant profile of characteristics which are common to all leaders however personality and intelligence seem to be fundamental for persons to emerge as leaders and ultimately be effective leaders (Arnold Rendall, 2010). The Big Five Personality Traits People have certain characteristics which are constant to them throughout their life which can influence how they think, feel and behave both on and off the job (George Jones, 2006). These characteristic are called personality traits. These traits make you act, feel and think in certain ways which makes every individual unique. It is very important that these traits are understood since every persons personality influences their behaviour and their approach to managing people and resources (George Jones, 2006). An individuals personality is composed of five general traits or characteristics, these being extraversion, negative affectivity, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience (Digman, 1990). Each personality trait is viewed as a continuum along which every individual falls. A person can fall on the high end part or on the low end part or else somewhere in between. A persons approach to management can be described in how people are like at the high and low ends of each continuum which is an easy way to understand how these trait affect a persons approach (George Jones, 2006). The effectiveness of each trait is determined by a complex interaction between the nature of the job or organisation in which they are working and the characteristics of the person. Furthermore, some personality traits might be effective in one situation but can decrease the effectiveness in another situation. (George Jones, 2006) There are other personality traits in addition to the big five that describe peoples personalities. These are specifically important for understanding managerial effectiveness. Some examples are self-esteem, locus of control and need for achievement. Research by Fred E. Fiedler acknowledged that effective leadership depends on the characteristics of the leader and of the situation. Fiedler came up with the Contingency theory of leadership. He explains why a manager or leader may be capable in one situation and incapable in another. It also suggests which kinds of managers or leaders are more effective in different situations (George Jones, 2006). He argued that leaders have rather stable personal characteristic, leading to a characteristic behavioural style. In his theory, Fiedler assumed that how much a leader is person-oriented depends on the leaders perception of their least preferred co-worker. He concluded that task-oriented leaders are best in very favourable and unfavourable situations and those person-oriented leaders are best in moderately favourable or moderately unfavourable situations (Arnold Rendall, 2010). Desired and acceptable leadership characteristics may vary across organisational context. Sociability, need for power and need for achievement are considerably relevant characteristics which are consistent across different organisations and organisational cultures. (House Baetz , 1979). House and Baetz (1979) came up with two insights which are generally accepted by persons studying leadership: if certain characteristics are to have an impact on others and their performance, these personal characteristics need to be observable in the leader and that leader characteristics and behaviours depend on the different type of task (House Baetz , 1979). Recent studies have pointed out the effects of personal and situational factors on the development of an individual as a leader. Amongst these personal factors are personality traits and gender (Jacobowitz Pratch, 1996).One of the most distinct and difficult to change characteristics is gender. Leadership roles are typically described in stereotypically masculine terms. This could mean that women have a slight disadvantage over men in being selected for leadership roles and when selected it is difficult for them to be seen as good leaders. Leadership roles are typically predominated by men but in recent years women in leadership positions have increased considerably (Corrigall, Konrad, Lieb, Ritchie JR, 2000). This has prompted a lot of researchers to explore the relationship between gender and leadership. While the number of women in management positions has increased, there are still very few women who hold high level executive positions (Corrigall, Konrad, Lieb, Ritchie JR, 2000). It is believed that women tend to prefer jobs who offer a reward rather than high pay and advancement, which might be the explanation of their failure to attain more jobs at the top level positions (George Jones, 2006). The styles of male and female leaders may influenced by the gender-based expectations. Individuals establish certain expectations for their own and others behaviour which is based on their own beliefs about what the appropriate behaviour of male and females should be like. (Eagly, 1987) Women are stereotypically described as nurturing, supportive and concerned with interpersonal relations whilst men are viewed as being directive and focused on task accomplishment (George Jones, 2006) These stereotypes suggest that women can be more relationship oriented as managers and are more considerable in their behaviour. Men are seen as more directed towards task-orientation and engage in more initiating-structure behaviours (George Jones, 2006). People have become accustomed to the styles that men have since men have long held these roles. As a result, there is more focus on women in the discussion of the impact of gender on leadership (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). There is little agreement about how women actually lead even though there is this greater focus on women in research. Feminists writings have given great importance to differences and similarities between leadership styles in males and females. (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). A number of researchers state that there is a difference between women and men having a leadership position, whilst others say that there is no difference. Eagly and Johnson (1990) state that male and female managers having a leadership position, tend to behave in similar ways. Men do not engage in more initiating structure than women and women do not engage in more consideration than men (Eagly Johnson, 1990). Writers of trade books, have argued that thre is a difference in leadership behaviour between males and females. They tend to see women as being less hierarchical, more cooperative and ollaborative and more oriented to enhancing others self worth (Book, 2000). On the contrary, social scientists say that there is no or minimal difference iin female and male organizational leaders. (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). Job Attribute Preference Research has show that job attribute preference may direct a male or female manager to a different set of jobs, career paths and emplyers due to the existence of sex difference (Beutell Brenner, 1986). Job attributes have been divided into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Job aspects that fulfil material or social needs are termed intrinsic factors and job aspects that fullfil higher needs such as growth, esteem and self expression are termed intrinsic factors. (Pinder, 1998) Research on sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences has been enriched by two distinct theoretical persecpetives: the gender ideology perspective and the structuralist persepective. Different personality characteristics and different sets of ativities for women and man are dictated by gendered societal norms in existence is the view of the gender ideology perspective. The structuralist perspectives argues that women have poorer quality jobs than men on average because of the segregation and discrimination in the labor market. (Corrigall, Konrad, Lieb, Ritchie JR, 2000). Both of the perspectives conclude that job attribute preferences for men and women are different by they assign casualty to different underlying mecchanisms. They both predict that there will be a change in the pattern of sex differnces in job attribute preferences over time, however they conclude that the patterns of change will be somewhat different. Gender Ideology Gender ideology may be described as socially-constructed script that prescribes different characteristics, values, attitudes, behaviors and activities for women and men (West Zimmerman , 1991)Gender ideology is composed of gender roles and gender stereotypes. Gender roles are sets of norms presribing the behaiors and activities appropriate for each sex (Best Williams, 1990). Gender roles differ by cultures but in Western industrialised societies attribute the role of income provider for the family to the men and the role of homemaker to the women. Gender stereotypes are different personality characateristics which are expected from men and women. Characterisitcs such as nurturing, affiliation and passivity were associated with the females whilst characteristics such as autonomy, aggression, dominance and achievement were ascribed more to males (Best Williams, 1990).People tend to conform to gender expectations to avoid the disapproval from others. If peoples choice ofwork would reflect gender ideology, then men should consider responsibility, autonomy earnings, advancement, prestige, recognition and challenge to be more important than women do. Whilst women should value more job security, good coworkers, a good supervisor, physical work environment, helping others, growth/development opportunities, opportunities to use ones abillities, variety, task significance a feeling of accomplishment and good hours to be more important than men do. In this study conducted by Corrigall, Konrad, Lieb and Ritchie, it was found that men attached more importance to earnings and responsibility than women did. This reflects the idea that men take on the role of provider and that they need to demonstrate success and status reflecting the ideas of gender roles and stereotypes towards men. On the other hand women attached greater importance to all mentioned attributes which show that women take the role of homemaker and to demonstarte nuturing and expressiveness. The findings relate to the gender roles typically attributed to women. (Corrigall, Konrad, Lieb, Ritchie JR, 2000) Leadership styles of males and females The styles of males and females can be described in terms of the stereotypes of masculinity and femminity. Studies of peoples stereotypes about men and women show that the popular beliefs about male and female behaviour can be compiled, following Bakan (1966), in terms of two dimensions, the agentic and the communal attributes. (Jacobowitz Pratch, 1996) Agentic characteristics define primarily an assertive, controlling and confident tendency. These characteristics are typically ascribed to more strongly to men than to women. Agentic behaviours, in employment settings might include speaking assertively, competing for attention, influencing others, initiating activity directed to assigned taks and making problem-focused suggestions (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). Women are more ascribed to communal characteristics. This is because communal characteristics describe primarily a concern with the welfare of other people. Examples of communal characteristics in employment settings are speaking tentatively, not drawing attention to oneself, accepting others direction, supporting others and contributing to the solution of relational and interpersonal problems (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001). Leader roles and gender roles Female leaders can adopt leadership styles that differe from those of men because they need to accommodate their behaviour to the occasioanlly conflicting demands of the female gender role and their role as a leader. There are different implications for the behaviour of male and female leaders due to gender roles. This is not only because male and female roles have different content but there is a discrepancy perceivers associate with women as having communal qualties and successful leaders are perceived as having agentic qualities. Since agentic properties are more associated to men, people tend to believe that men are better at being leaders than females. (Eagly Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001) Eagly and Karau(2001) argued that apparent difference between the typical leader roles and the female gender tends to ccreate prejudice towards female leaders. It takes two forms: (a)less favorable evaluation of womens (than mens) potential leadership because leadership ability is more stereotypic of men than women and (b)less favorable evaluation of the actual leadership behavior of women than men because agentic behaviour is perceived as less desirable in women than men. In the first prejudice, womens characteristics and the resulting female-stereotypic qualities are different from what is expected and desired in leaders. This is a result from the descriptive norms of gender roles. The second prejudice arises from prescriptive norms of gender roles namely the beliefs of how women ough to behave. Women leaders can be negatively assessed for fullfilling the agentic requirements of leader roles and thus failing to comply with the communal characteristics, even though they may be praised for their fulfillment of the leader role. (Eagly Karau, 2001) On the other hand, Sherpe (2000) states that after years of analyzing what makes leaders more effective, management gurus now know how to maximise the chances of getting a great executive. Their answer is to hire a women. The idea was first introduce by the writers feminist trade books on management and is now making tis way into the popular culture. (Carli Eagly, 2003) However in Malta, women have the highest rate of female inactivity 65.2% compared to other E.U. countries 35.7%. (Spiteri, 2012). Nevertheless, there was an increase in the rate of employement for woman which now stands at 62%,which has gone up from 55% in 1997 (Almunia, Andor, Barnier , Reding, Rehn, Tajani, 2012). Many women continue to face a glass ceiling, holding them backe in achieving a higher level in their work place. Men dominate company boards: 86.3% of board members and 96.8% of the boardroom chairs, whilst women make up 13.7% and 3.2% respectively. (Almunia, Andor, Barnier , Reding, Rehn, Tajani, 2012). Women in Malta represent only 3% of board members which is well below the EU average of 13.7% (Spiteri, 2012). On the other hand, there is a higher pecentage (22.7%) of Maltese women who are achieving higher levels of tertiary education than men(14.6%), even though when compared to other E.U. countries it is still very low (37.2% women and 30% men) (Spiteri, 2012). The National Statistics Office in collaboration with the National Council of women in Malta carried out a survey on the Perceived Obstacles to the participation of women in Decision-making Positions (2007). The rsult of this survey states that many women in malta are not advancing in their work to obtain top post because of 3 main difficulties: difficulties in reconciling long hours of work and family responsabilities, very little use of childcare facilities and lack of spouse/partner suport (National Statistics Office, 2007). Maltese Governments have always put measures in place to promote gender equality through various legislations and regulations. The constitution of Malta guarantees equaltiy between women and men. It gives protection against discrimination on various grounds including sex. Additionally, there is Article 45(11) swhich provides for special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between males and females (Spiteri, 2012). In 1991 Malta also approved the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Even though these measures have been in place for a few years now, there is still a general idea that men are seen as being more siutable at having a decision-making job. There are also a number of structural and cultural barriers which are preventing Maltese women from achieving further in their job. Such barriers include jobs without opportunities of promotion or training, practices that favour men for promotions, lack of employment laws and lack of sharing of household/childcare responsibilities by fathers. There is also a considerably big barrier being the attitudes and perceptions towards gendered roles in Malta. (Spiteri, 2012). In this study, I am going to focus on the perceptions that University students have towards leaders. Whether they tend to prefer male or female leaders and on what is their decision based on. Also, I am going to study what University Students think about the effectiveness of males and females in different work settings and what is the reasoning behind the idea.

Modernity and the Notions of Public Interest Essay

This paper examines the meaning of modernity and the relations between the notions of public interest, ethics and law. By giving an example that raises this issue further, the realm of morality, professional ethics and law is discussed and whether their spheres of jurisdiction would overlap. It also explores the meanings and definitions of the key terms that are of most concern for this topic, and how they relate or differ from each other. A Singaporean example is also shown as evidence to support the discussion. Finally, a counter argument is provided with a reasonable response that follows with this argument. While scholars and philosophers have defined modernity in different ways, the emergence of modernity is also a very important aspect of the term. Before modernity came into prominence, there were the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. â€Å"The essence of modernity can be seen in humanity’s freeing itself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in that it frees itself to itself† (Heidegger, Young, & Haynes, 2002). Modernity refers to human beings starting to rationalize and think for themselves, rather than the traditional way of living life by the rules and teachings of their religion. In simpler terms, it is a shift from religious beliefs to scientific knowledge, as in man thinking by his own free will for himself. The stronghold of the Christian church decreased over the people and science began to be more accepted. The criticism of modernity is that it actually imprisons rather than liberates. Modernity gives rise to people’s opinion and free speech. Therefore, with free speech, restrictions are put into place to protect the freedom of the public. The term modernization refers to the increasing use of science and new technologies, and the political, social and cultural changes that followed through from these developments of modernization (Mann, 2010). Hence modern society is considered modern because of rapid change which is the essence of modern society (Nester, 2010). Today’s society and way of thinking all flourished from modernity. The use of science and technology, the need to understand all things in life through scientific study and experimentation are all traits of what makes modern society ‘modern. Therefore, it promotes a more rational, scientific worldview as religion, superstition and tradition lost their hold over everyday life. With modern thinking, public interest, ethics, law and so on, all of which were taking priority among people in their everyday life and also professionals so that everyone can live in harmony in a liberal democratic society. Public interest is what is justified toward the public which may be against some immediate individual person’s interest† (Downs, 1962). A general explanation for ethics would be that it is concerned with doing the right thing in a moral sense. Fieser (2001) described ethics as systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour, while Spence (2005) said that it is a set of rules and virtues of character that guides interpersonal conduct (Breit, 2007). The Law is a set of rules for society, to protect people’s basic rights and freedoms and to treat them fairly (OrganizationOfAmericanStates, 2007). Certain situations that are of the public’s concern can also be an ethical and legal matter, such as illegal abortions. Abortions are illegal in most countries and even so, some women still require it for the sake of their own well-being. Thus, doctors have to face their own code of ethics in dealing with these issues. This matter is also of public interest because this issue has been an ongoing debate and the public are always concerned about it. In the Singapore context, the case of the ex-MOE scholar, Jonathan Wong having sexual relations with a minor makes a good example that raises this topic. The scholar from the Ministry of Education was at first charged with possessing child pornography in Britain which lead to investigations. The investigations then lead to reveal that he had sexual relations with an underage girl (Channel News Asia, 2012). Although the first charge in 2010 was not a public interest matter, the second charge this year provoked public interest. Aside from the illegality of the case, it sparked public interest due to him being a scholar with the public’s taxpayer money. The MOE’s code of ethics was considered for appointing this student for a scholar. So how do morality, professional ethics and law differ from each other? Morality is an individual’s own personal belief that differentiates right from wrong. It is an individual’s own personal character. Professional ethics is a standard or code of behaviour expected by a group to which the individual belongs to. Morality is a personal trait while ethics is more concerned in the field of profession. Law, however, is another different matter from both morality and professional ethics. But in some cases, their fields of jurisdiction do overlap with one another. In the course reader, Breit (2007) pointed out the ethical dilemma of a journalist on whether to report a story which is in the public interest. The ethical dilemma the journalist faced was due to the embargo of the news, whether to respect it or let the public know about the news immediately. There was also fear of getting sued for not respecting the embargo and for not fulfilling the duty as a journalist. These were the dilemmas that this journalist faced in which the different jurisdictions overlap with one another. Coming back to the example of the case of the ex-MOE scholar, it is illegal to have sex with a minor. This also led to public interest because he was a scholarship student of MOE by taxpayers’ money. Ethical issues were raised on the MOE’s side of the case for choosing this kind of person as their scholar and this reflects badly for the ministry. As for the opposing argument, â€Å"What reasons might be given for thinking that the disclosure of a person’s sexual misconduct serves the public interest? (Archard, 1998)† From the liberalism side of the argument, it states that neither society, government nor anyone else has the rightful authority to tell people what they do in the privacy of their own homes. Each person has rightful authority over how they conduct their own lives in private. Therefore the public does not need to know about all of the intimate details about the case. Although the counter argument is reasonable, the public should have the right to know about this issue because this person was accused for misusing the taxpayers’ money and dealt with actions of misconduct and broke the law in not one but two countries. The first charge was for possessing child pornography while he was studying in Britain and the second was for having sexual relations with a minor in Singapore. Modern thinking has lead to opinions on morality, ethics and law, as well as issues about public interest. Open critical discussions and evaluation of issues that arise from such issues given above is a crucial part of a healthy democracy. In a way, the standards of public interest, ethics and law in each country determines the modernity of the society.

The True Meaning of Parcc Lal Essay Samples

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Identify Letter Blends - Teaching Dyslexic Students

Follow this lesson plan for children with dyslexia in early grades to teach and reinforce letter blends at the beginning of a word. Title: Letter Blend BingoGrade level: Kindergarten, first grade, and second gradeSubject: Reading/phonicsCore State Curriculum Standards: RF.1.2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).Approximate time required: 30 minutes Objective Students will hear words that begin with consonant blends and correctly match them to the letters on a bingo card. Children with dyslexia have a hard time processing sounds and matching letters to their corresponding sounds. Multi-sensory activities and lessons have been found to be an effective way of teaching phonics and reading. As a practice, bingo is a fun way to help students listen for and identify common consonant blends. This lesson helps children learn blended letters through more than one sense. It includes sight by looking at the letters on the bingo board and, if pictures are used, looking at the pictures. It includes auditory because they hear the word as the teacher calls it out. It also includes touch by having the students mark off the letters as they are called out. Required Materials and Equipment Bingo worksheets (grids with five blocks across and five blocks down) with letter blends randomly placed in the blocks. Each worksheet should be different.Markers or crayonsList of words beginning with letter blends or flashcards with pictures of words beginning with blended letters. Activity The teacher reads a word and/or shows a picture of a word that begins with a letter blend. Saying the word out loud and showing a picture increases the multi-sensory experience of the game. Students mark the square on their bingo board of the letter blend that represents the beginning sound. For example, if the word was grape any student with the letter blend gr on their bingo card would mark that square. As each word is called out, students mark the square with the letter blend at the beginning of the word. When a student gets a straight or diagonal line, they have BINGO. The game can be continued by having the students try to get every block on their sheet filled or starting again with a different color marker. Alternative Methods Use worksheets with blank bingo boards on them and have the students write one letter blend in each block, making sure to use each letter blend only one time (let students know they will not use all of the letter blends). You may want to write the letter blends at the bottom of the worksheet for students to use for reference.Use smaller grids, with four squares up and four squares across and have four grids per page, allowing for four games of bingo.Use the entire alphabet and have students mark the beginning or ending sound of a word. Bingo cards can be customized to match your current lesson, for example, simple vocabulary words, ending consonants, or colors and shapes. Tip: Laminate bingo cards so they can be used more than once. Use dry-erase markers to make it easy to wipe off marks. Reference Letter blends commonly found in the beginning of words: ï » ¿bl, br, ch, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, fr, pl, pr, sc, scr, sh, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, squ, st, str, sw, th,thr, tr, tw, wh List of possible words: Block, BrownChair, Clown, CrayonDragonFlower, FrameGlow, GrapePlane, PrizeScare, ScrapSkate, Sled, Smile, Snake, Spoon, Splash, Square, Stone, Street, SwingTruck, Twin